Раптова серцева смерть. Огляд. Частина IІ Раптова серцева смерть при первинній електричній хворобі серця та у окремих груп пацієнтів з підвищеним ризиком її розвитку
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30978/UTJ2025-3-57Ключові слова:
профілактика, прогнозування, раптова серцева смерть, підвищений ризик раптової серцевої смертіАнотація
Друга частина огляду присвячена проблемі оцінки ризику раптової серцевої смерті, її первинній та вторинній профілактиці в пацієнтів із різними варіантами первинної електричної хвороби серця: (ідіопатична фібриляція шлуночків, синдром подовженого інтервалу QT, синдром Андерсена — Тавіла І типу, синдром Бругада, синдром ранньої реполяризації шлуночків, катехоламінергічна поліморфна шлуночкова тахікардія, синдром укороченого інтервалу QT). Значну увагу приділено групам пацієнтів, в яких існує підвищений ризик розвитку раптової серцевої смерті. До таких категорій віднесено вагітних, особливо в разі розвитку в них перипартальної кардіоміопатії, хворих на синдром Вольфа — Паркінсона — Вайта, пацієнтів, які потребують трансплантації серця, та осіб похилого віку. Розглянуто доцільність проведення генетичного тестування при різних варіантах первинної електричної хвороби серця. Обговорено підходи до фармакологічного та хірургічного лікування шлуночкових порушень ритму, які є найчастішою причиною раптової серцевої смерті, та їхні переваги при зазначених патологічних станах. Наведено сучасні рекомендації щодо показань для імплантації кардіовертера-дефібрилятора в осіб похилого віку. Актуальною останніми роками є проблема раптової серцевої смерті в спортсменів, яка також знайшла відображення в представленому огляді. Показано, що в спортсменів середнього та старшого віку найпоширенішою причиною раптової серцевої смерті є хронічна ішемічна хвороба серця. Наголошено на доцільності визначення серцево-судинного ризику в усіх спортсменів до початку інтенсивних фізичних тренувань, особливо перед участю в змаганнях. Установлено, що проблема раптової серцевої смерті потребує поглибленого вивчення з метою розробки найінформативніших методів прогнозування розвитку цього стану та ефективної первинної профілактики.
Посилання
Abello M, Peinado R, Merino JL, Gnoatto M, Mateos M, Silvestre J, Dominguez JL. Cardioverter defibrillator implantation in a pregnant woman guided with transesophageal echocardiography. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Sep;26(9):1913-4. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.00293.x. PMID: 12930513.
Aggarwal A, Stolear A, Alam MM, et al. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic strategies. J Clin Med. 2024 Mar 20;13(6):1781. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13061781. PMID: 38542006; PMCID: PMC10971616.
Ahn J, Kim HJ, Choi JI, et al. Effectiveness of beta-blockers depending on the genotype of congenital long-QT syndrome: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 23;12(10):e0185680. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185680. PMID: 29059199; PMCID: PMC5653191.
Alba AC, Fan CS, Manlhiot C, Dipchand AI, Stehlik J, Ross HJ. The evolving risk of sudden cardiac death after heart transplant. An analysis of the ISHLT Thoracic Transplant Registry. Clin Transplant. 2019 Mar;33(3):e13490. http://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13490. PMID: 30697805.
Alba AC, Foroutan F, Ng Fat Hing NKV, Fan CS, Manlhiot C, Ross HJ. Incidence and predictors of sudden cardiac death after heart transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transplant. 2018 Mar;32(3):e13206. http://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13206. PMID: 29349819.
Alhakak A, Østergaard L, Butt JH, et al. Cause-specific death and risk factors of 1-year mortality after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2022 Jan 5;8(1):39-49. http://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa074. PMID: 32956442.
Algalarrondo V, Perault R, Bories MC, Narayanan K, Garcia R, Combes N, Perier MC, Defaye P, Sadoul N, Gras D, Klug D, Bordachar P, Fauchier L, Deharo JC, Leclercq C, Boveda S, Marijon E, Babuty D; DAI-PP investigators. Prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention: From implantation to heart transplantation. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 Dec;111(12):758-65. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2018.05.004. PMID: 30078651.
Barnes EJ, Eben F, Patterson D. Direct current cardioversion during pregnancy should be performed with facilities available for fetal monitoring and emergency caesarean section. BJOG. 2002 Dec;109(12):1406-7. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002.02113.x. PMID: 12504980.
Barsheshet A, Moss AJ, Huang DT, McNitt S, Zareba W, Goldenberg I. Applicability of a risk score for prediction of the long-term (8-year) benefit of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jun 5;59(23):2075-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.036. PMID: 22651863.
Behr ER, Ben-Haim Y, Ackerman MJ, Krahn AD, Wilde AAM. Brugada syndrome and reduced right ventricular outflow tract conduction reserve: a final common pathway? Eur Heart J. 2021 Mar 14;42(11):1073-81. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1051. PMID: 33421051.
Benito B, Berruezo A. Brugada syndrome and pregnancy: delving into the role of sex hormones in ion channelopathies. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2014 Mar;67(3):165-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2013.09.021. PMID: 24774388.
Bezzina CR, Lahrouchi N, Priori SG. Genetics of sudden cardiac death. Circ Res. 2015 Jun 5;116(12):1919-36. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304030. PMID: 26044248.
Bhandari AK, Shapiro WA, Morady F, Shen EN, Mason J, Scheinman MM. Electrophysiologic testing in patients with the long QT syndrome. Circulation. 1985 Jan;71(1):63-71. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.71.1.63. PMID: 2856866.
Cantero-Pérez EM, Sobrino-Márquez JM, Grande-Trillo A, Lage-Gallé E, Rangel-Sousa D, Esteve-Ruiz IM, Martínez-Martínez A. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction awaiting heart transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2013;45(10):3659-61. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.10.017. PMID: 24314988.
Chauveau S, Janin A, Till M, Morel E, Chevalier P, Millat G. Early repolarization syndrome caused by de novo duplication of KCND3 detected by next-generation sequencing. HeartRhythm Case Rep. 2017 Oct 20;3(12):574-578. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrcr.2017.08.003. PMID: 29296579; PMCID: PMC5741810.
Cheung CC, Lieve KV, Roston TM, et al. Pregnancy in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019 Mar;5(3):387-94. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2018.10.019. PMID: 30898243.
Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G; Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005 Mar;26(5):516-24. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108. PMID: 15689345.
Corrado D, Zorzi A. Sudden death in athletes. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Jun 15;237:67-70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.034. PMID: 28318658.
De Ferrari GM, Dusi V, Spazzolini C, Bos JM, Abrams DJ, Berul CI, Crotti L, Davis AM, Eldar M, Kharlap M, Khoury A, Krahn AD, Leenhardt A, Moir CR, Odero A, Olde Nordkamp L, Paul T, Rosés I Noguer F, Shkolnikova M, Till J, Wilde AA, Ackerman MJ, Schwartz PJ. Clinical Management of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: The Role of Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation. Circulation. 2015 Jun 23;131(25):2185-93. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015731. PMID: 26019152.
Dereci A, Yap SC, Schinkel AFL. Meta-analysis of clinical outcome after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in patients with Brugada syndrome. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019 Feb;5(2):141-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2018.09.005. PMID: 30784682.
Dhutia H, Malhotra A, Parpia S, et al. The prevalence and significance of a short QT interval in 18,825 low-risk individuals including athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2016 Jan;50(2):124-9. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094827. PMID: 26400956.
Drezner JA, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, et al. Electrocardiographic Screening in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2016 Sep 1;118(5):754-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.06.004. Epub 2016 Jun 14. PMID: 27496294.
Drezner JA, Peterson DF, Siebert DM, et al. Survival after exercise-related sudden cardiac arrest in young athletes: Can we do better? Sports Health. 2019 Jan/Feb;11(1):91-8. http://doi.org/10.1177/1941738118799084. PMID: 30204540; PMCID: PMC6299352.
Driver K, Chisholm CA, Darby AE, Malhotra R, Dimarco JP, Ferguson JD. Catheter ablation of arrhythmia during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015 Jun;26(6):698-702. http://doi.org/10.1111/jce.12675. PMID: 25828853.
El-Battrawy I, Besler J, Li X, et al. Impact of antiarrhythmic drugs on the outcome of short QT syndrome. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Aug 2;10:771. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00771. PMID: 31427960; PMCID: PMC6688193.
El-Battrawy I, Besler J, Liebe V, Schimpf R, Tülümen E, Rudic B, Lang S, Wolpert C, Zhou X, Akin I, Borggrefe M. Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome: Clinical Profile and Outcome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Dec 4;7(23):e010073. http://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.010073. PMID: 30571592; PMCID: PMC6405569.
Eskander MA, Adler E, Hoffmayer KS. Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in post-cardiac transplant patients. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020 May;35(3):308-11. http://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000731. PMID: 32109927.
Expósito V, Rodríguez-Mañero M, González-Enríquez S, et al. Primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator in elderly patients: results of a Spanish multicentre study. Europace. 2016 Aug;18(8):1203-10. http://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv337. PMID: 26566939.
Giustetto C, Schimpf R, Mazzanti A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with short QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 2;58(6):587-95. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.038. PMID: 21798421.
Goldenberg I, Horr S, Moss AJ, et al. Risk for life-threatening cardiac events in patients with genotype-confirmed long-QT syndrome and normal-range corrected QT intervals. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jan 4;57(1):51-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.038. PMID: 21185501; PMCID: PMC3332533.
Gollob MH, Redpath CJ, Roberts JD. The short QT syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Feb 15;57(7):802-12. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.048. PMID: 21310316.
Hartz J, Clark BC, Ito S, Sherwin ED, Berul CI. Transvenous nonfluoroscopic pacemaker implantation during pregnancy guided by 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. Heart Rhythm Case Rep. 2017 Aug 10;3(10):490-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrcr.2017.07.020. PMID: 29062705; PMCID: PMC5643851.
Hasdemir C, Payzin S, Kocabas U, et al. High prevalence of concealed Brugada syndrome in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2015 Jul;12(7):1584-94. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.015. PMID: 25998140.
Heidbuchel H, Adami PE, Antz M, Braunschweig F, Delise P, Scherr D, Solberg EE, Wilhelm M, Pelliccia A; EHRA/EAPC Scientific Review Group. Recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports in patients with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions: Part 1: Supraventricular arrhythmias. A position statement of the Section of Sports Cardiology and Exercise from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), both associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021 Dec 20;28(14):1539-51. http://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320925635. Erratum in: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022 Oct 20;29(14):1932. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwac178. PMID: 32597206.
Honarbakhsh S, Srinivasan N, Kirkby C, et al. Medium-term outcomes of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation survivors and family screening: a multicentre experience. Europace. 2017 Nov 1;19(11):1874-80. http://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw251. PMID: 27738067.
Horigome H, Ishikawa Y, Kokubun N, et al. Multivariate analysis of TU wave complex on electrocardiogram in Andersen-Tawil syndrome with KCNJ2 mutations. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2020 May;25(3):e12721. http://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12721. PMID: 31724784; PMCID: PMC7358888.
Jang SY, Cho Y, Kim NK, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic left cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with hereditary ventricular arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2017 Mar;40(3):232-41. http://doi.org/10.1111/pace.13008. PMID: 28012188.
Kao AC, Krause SW, Handa R, Karia D, Reyes G, Bianco NR, Szymkiewicz SJ; Wearable defibrillator use In heart Failure (WIF) Investigators. Wearable defibrillator use in heart failure (WIF): results of a prospective registry. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2012 Dec 12;12:123. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-12-123. PMID: 23234574; PMCID: PMC3574049.
Kimura H, Zhou J, Kawamura M, et al. Phenotype variability in patients carrying KCNJ2 mutations. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012 Jun;5(3):344-53. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.962316. PMID: 22589293.
Krahn AD, Gollob M, Yee R, Gula LJ, Skanes AC, Walker BD, Klein GJ. Diagnosis of unexplained cardiac arrest: role of adrenaline and procainamide infusion. Circulation. 2005 Oct 11;112(15):2228-34. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.552166 PMID: 16203906.
Liu JF, Jons C, Moss AJ, McNitt S, Peterson DR, Qi M, Zareba W, Robinson JL, Barsheshet A, Ackerman MJ, Benhorin J, Kaufman ES, Locati EH, Napolitano C, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Towbin J, Vincent M, Zhang L, Goldenberg I; International Long QT Syndrome Registry. Risk factors for recurrent syncope and subsequent fatal or near-fatal events in children and adolescents with long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Feb 22;57(8):941-50. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.025. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Apr 19;57(16):1717. PMID: 21329841; PMCID: PMC3052409.
Macfarlane PW, Antzelevitch C, Haissaguerre M, et al. The early repolarization pattern: a consensus paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Jul 28;66(4):470-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.033. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Sep 8;66(10):1206. PMID: 26205599.
Malhotra A, Sharma S. Outcomes of cardiac screening in adolescent soccer players. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 22;379(21):2084. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1813056. PMID: 30462935.
Malik M. Drug-Induced QT/QTc Interval shortening: lessons from drug-induced QT/QTc prolongation. Drug Saf. 2016 Jul;39(7):647-59. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-016-0411-3. PMID: 26968542.
Mazzanti A, Guz D, Trancuccio A, et al. Natural history and risk stratification in Andersen-Tawil syndrome type 1. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Apr 21;75(15):1772-84. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.033. PMID: 32299589.
Mazzanti A, Maragna R, Faragli A, et al. Gene-specific therapy with mexiletine reduces arrhythmic events in patients with long QT syndrome type 3. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 8;67(9):1053-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.033. PMID: 26940925; PMCID: PMC4773513.
Miyamoto K, Aiba T, Kimura H, et al. Efficacy and safety of flecainide for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Andersen-Tawil syndrome with KCNJ2 mutations. Heart Rhythm. 2015 Mar;12(3):596-603. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.12.009. PMID: 25496985.
Miyoshi T, Kamiya CA, Katsuragi S, et al. Safety and efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator during pregnancy and after delivery. Circ J. 2013;77(5):1166-70. http://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-12-1275. PMID: 23291990.
Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, et al. The long QT syndrome. Prospective longitudinal study of 328 families. Circulation. 1991 Sep;84(3):1136-44. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.84.3.1136. PMID: 1884444.
Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2000 Feb 15;101(6):616-23. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.6.616. PMID: 10673253.
Nakamura T, Schaeffer B, Tanigawa S, et al. Catheter ablation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in patients with and without structural heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2019 Jul;16(7):1021-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.032. PMID: 30710740.
Obeyesekere MN, Leong-Sit P, Massel D, et al. Risk of arrhythmia and sudden death in patients with asymptomatic preexcitation: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2012 May 15;125(19):2308-15. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.055350. PMID: 22532593.
Padfield GJ, AlAhmari L, Lieve KV, et al. Flecainide monotherapy is an option for selected patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia intolerant of β-blockade. Heart Rhythm. 2016 Feb;13(2):609-13. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.09.027. PMID: 26416620.
Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the era of catheter ablation: insights from a registry study of 2169 patients. Circulation. 2014 Sep 2;130(10):811-9. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011154. PMID: 25052405.
Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES); Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF); American Heart Association (AHA); American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP); Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS); Cohen MI, Triedman JK, Cannon BC, Davis AM, Drago F, Janousek J, Klein GJ, Law IH, Morady FJ, Paul T, Perry JC, Sanatani S, Tanel RE. PACES/HRS expert consensus statement on the management of the asymptomatic young patient with a Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW, ventricular preexcitation) electrocardiographic pattern: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), the American Heart Association (AHA), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS). Heart Rhythm. 2012 Jun;9(6):1006-24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.03.050. PMID: 22579340.
Peltenburg PJ, Kallas D, Bos JM, Lieve KVV, Franciosi S, Roston TM, Denjoy I, Sorensen KB, Ohno S, Roses-Noguer F, Aiba T, Maltret A, LaPage MJ, Atallah J, Giudicessi JR, Clur SB, Blom NA, Tanck M, Extramiana F, Kato K, Barc J, Borggrefe M, Behr ER, Sarquella-Brugada G, Tfelt-Hansen J, Zorio E, Swan H, Kammeraad JAE, Krahn AD, Davis A, Sacher F, Schwartz PJ, Roberts JD, Skinner JR, van den Berg MP, Kannankeril PJ, Drago F, Robyns T, Haugaa K, Tavacova T, Semsarian C, Till J, Probst V, Brugada R, Shimizu W, Horie M, Leenhardt A, Ackerman MJ, Sanatani S, van der Werf C, Wilde AAM. An International Multicenter Cohort Study on β-Blockers for the Treatment of Symptomatic Children With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia. Circulation. 2022 Feb;145(5):333-344. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056018. PMID: 34874747.
Perry JC, Garson A Jr. Supraventricular tachycardia due to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: early disappearance and late recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Nov;16(5):1215-20. http://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(90)90555-4. PMID: 2229769.
Priori SG, Napolitano C, Memmi M, et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 2002 Jul 2;106(1):69-74. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000020013.73106.d8. PMID: 12093772.
Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 8;348(19):1866-74. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022147. PMID: 12736279.
Rajan D, Garcia R, Svane J, Tfelt-Hansen J. Risk of sports-related sudden cardiac death in women. Eur Heart J. 2022 Mar 21;43(12):1198-206. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab833. PMID: 34894223.
Rashba EJ, Zareba W, Moss AJ, et al. Influence of pregnancy on the risk for cardiac events in patients with hereditary long QT syndrome. LQTS Investigators. Circulation. 1998 Feb 10;97(5):451-6. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.97.5.451. PMID: 9490239.
Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M, Iung B, Johnson MR, Kintscher U, Kranke P, Lang IM, Morais J, Pieper PG, Presbitero P, Price S, Rosano GMC, Seeland U, Simoncini T, Swan L, Warnes CA; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 7;39(34):3165-241. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340. PMID: 30165544.
Rodríguez-Mañero M, Casado-Arroyo R, Sarkozy A, et al. The clinical significance of pregnancy in Brugada syndrome. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2014 Mar;67(3):176-80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2013.06.023. PMID: 24774391.
Sakhi R, Assaf A, Theuns DAMJ, et al. Outcome of insertable cardiac monitors in symptomatic patients with Brugada syndrome at low risk of sudden cardiac death. Cardiology. 2020;145(7):413-20. http://doi.org/10.1159/000507075. PMID: 32320984; PMCID: PMC7592947.
Seth R, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al. Long QT syndrome and pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Mar 13;49(10):1092-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.054. PMID: 17349890.
Schwartz PJ, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Crampton RS. Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation. 1993 Aug;88(2):782-4. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.88.2.782. PMID: 8339437.
Scrocco C, Ben-Haim Y, Devine B, et al. Role of subcutaneous implantable loop recorder for the diagnosis of arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome: A United Kingdom single-center experience. Heart Rhythm. 2022 Jan;19(1):70-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.08.034. PMID: 34487893.
Sieira J, Brugada P. Brugada syndrome: defining the risk in asymptomatic patients. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2016;5(3):164-9. http://doi.org/10.15420/aer.2016:22:3. PMID: 28116080; PMCID: PMC5248661.
Silversides CK, Harris L, Haberer K, Sermer M, Colman JM, Siu SC. Recurrence rates of arrhythmias during pregnancy in women with previous tachyarrhythmia and impact on fetal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Apr 15;97(8):1206-12. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.041. PMID: 16616027.
Sliwa K, Mebazaa A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Petrie MC, Maggioni AP, Laroche C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Schaufelberger M, Tavazzi L, van der Meer P, Roos-Hesselink JW, Seferovic P, van Spandonck-Zwarts K, Mbakwem A, Böhm M, Mouquet F, Pieske B, Hall R, Ponikowski P, Bauersachs J. Clinical characteristics of patients from the worldwide registry on peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM): EURObservational Research Programme in conjunction with the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Study Group on PPCM. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Sep;19(9):1131-41. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.780. PMID: 28271625.
Splawski I, Timothy KW, Decher N, et al. Severe arrhythmia disorder caused by cardiac L-type calcium channel mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 7;102(23):8089-96; discussion 8086-8. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502506102. PMID: 15863612; PMCID: PMC1149428.
Stampe NK, Jespersen CB, Glinge C, Bundgaard H, Tfelt-Hansen J, Winkel BG. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of arrhythmia during follow-up of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020 Oct;31(10):2677-86. http://doi.org/10.1111/jce.14696. PMID: 33462911.
Survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with apparently normal heart. Need for definition and standardized clinical evaluation. Consensus Statement of the Joint Steering Committees of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Registry of Europe and of the Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Registry of the United States. Circulation. 1997 Jan 7;95(1):265-72. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.95.1.265. PMID: 8994445.
Thorsen K, Dam VS, Kjaer-Sorensen K, Pedersen LN, Skeberdis VA, Jurevičius J, Treinys R, Petersen IMBS, Nielsen MS, Oxvig C, Morth JP, Matchkov VV, Aalkjær C, Bundgaard H, Jensen HK. Loss-of-activity-mutation in the cardiac chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE3 causes short QT syndrome. Nat Commun. 2017 Nov 22;8(1):1696. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01630-0. PMID: 29167417; PMCID: PMC5700076.
Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, Benetos A, Biffi A, Boavida JM, Capodanno D, Cosyns B, Crawford C, Davos CH, Desormais I, Di Angelantonio E, Franco OH, Halvorsen S, Hobbs FDR, Hollander M, Jankowska EA, Michal M, Sacco S, Sattar N, Tokgozoglu L, Tonstad S, Tsioufis KP, van Dis I, van Gelder IC, Wanner C, Williams B; ESC National Cardiac Societies; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 7;42(34):3227-337. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2022 Nov 7;43(42):4468. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac458. PMID: 34458905.
Wang G, Zhao N, Zhong S, Wang Y, Li J. Safety and efficacy of flecainide for patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Aug;98(34):e16961. http://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016961. PMID: 31441899; PMCID: PMC6716729.
Wang YC, Chen CH, Su HY, Yu MH. The impact of maternal cardioversion on fetal haemodynamics. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006 Jun 1;126(2):268-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.11.021. Epub 2005 Dec 27. PMID: 16377063.
Wang Z, Chen YW, Jiang YH, Sun LP, Chen XJ, Tao HL, Dong JZ. [Electrophysiological characteristics and therapeutic efficacy of radiofrequency ablation of focal atrial tachycardia originating from the right atrial appendage during pregnancy]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2020 Oct 24;48(10):859-65. Chinese. http://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20191104-00683. PMID: 33076624.
Ware JS, Li J, Mazaika E, Yasso CM, DeSouza T, Cappola TP, Tsai EJ, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Kamiya CA, Mazzarotto F, Cook SA, Halder I, Prasad SK, Pisarcik J, Hanley-Yanez K, Alharethi R, Damp J, Hsich E, Elkayam U, Sheppard R, Kealey A, Alexis J, Ramani G, Safirstein J, Boehmer J, Pauly DF, Wittstein IS, Thohan V, Zucker MJ, Liu P, Gorcsan J 3rd, McNamara DM, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Arany Z; IMAC-2 and IPAC Investigators. Shared Genetic Predisposition in Peripartum and Dilated Cardiomyopathies. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 21;374(3):233-41. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505517. PMID: 26735901; PMCID: PMC4797319.
Weeke PE, Kellemann JS, Jespersen CB, Theilade J, Kanters JK, Hansen MS, Christiansen M, Marstrand P, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C, Bundgaard H, Jensen HK, Tfelt-Hansen J. Long-term proarrhythmic pharmacotherapy among patients with congenital long QT syndrome and risk of arrhythmia and mortality. Eur Heart J. 2019 Oct 1;40(37):3110-3117. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz228. PMID: 31079148.
Wu L, Liang E, Fan S, Zheng L, Hu F, Liu S, Liu L, Hu Z, Li G, Yao Y. Effect of Pregnancy in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2020 Feb 15;125(4):613-617. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.11.008. Epub 2019 Nov 19. PMID: 31836129.
Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA, Charron P, Corrado D, Dagres N, de Chillou C, Eckardt L, Friede T, Haugaa KH, Hocini M, Lambiase PD, Marijon E, Merino JL, Peichl P, Priori SG, Reichlin T, Schulz-Menger J, Sticherling C, Tzeis S, Verstrael A, Volterrani M; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262. PMID: 36017572.
##submission.downloads##
Опубліковано
Номер
Розділ
Ліцензія
Авторське право (c) 2025 Автори

Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.